Humans do different behaviors to meet their needs constantly. These behaviors are different and each of them constitutes subject of disciplines such as psychology, sociology, management, art, knowledge and information science, and some specialized sub-disciplines of them. Investigating information behaviors and knowledge behaviors are favorite subjects in knowledge and information science. These behaviors show the main elements of user activity to interact with information and knowledge as well as retrieval systems. This paper with considering the importance of these concepts tries to review the literature through analytical and discussed concepts such as data, information, knowledge, wisdom, and intelligence. Afterward, the prerequisites for the formation of knowledgeseeking behavior are expressed and defined as knowledge-seeking behavior and differentiation with information-seeking behavior. The surveys showed that the concept of knowledge-seeking behavior is an important concept and is very wide so that we can expect to open a new area in literature and research in various fields especially in knowledge and information science. It is necessary to develop and regulate the frameworks in this field.

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

Background: Delivery of high quality services to the patients requires continuous refreshment with up-to-date information. This study was aimed at investigating the search behavior of Iranian orthopaedic surgeons in obtaining new information in their fields.Methods: During the 16th Annual Iranian Orthopaedic Association Meeting, questionnaires related to study were distributed among the participants. The questions were mainly related to: What source is commonly used for solving clinical problems? How often new journals of the field are utilized? What scientific route is used to increase personal information on subjects of specific interest? 178 orthopaedic surgeons completed the form.Results: The orthopaedic textbooks were the most common source on information used by the clinical problem cases.Orthopaedic seminars and conferences were the next common source followed by the journals. Direct one to one information seeking form colleagues were a very usual practice for specific clinical problem solving.45% would use internet for new orthopaeic knowledge updating.Conclusion: Internet and online services are not commonly used for knowledge updating by the orthopaedic group that we studied.

Information seeking behavior and its various aspects had been the focus of attention by many researchers around the world. It has been tried and tested in many disciplines. Furthermore, its correlation with many variables such as gender, discipline, occupation, individual knowledge, personality, experience as well as specialization has been measured and had furnished useful results. The present investigation has tested and analyzed the correlation between information seeking behavior and prior knowledge among students enrolled in University of Tehran Graduate Program at both Masters and PhD level. Findings indicate that there exists a positive significance between these two variables. There had been, however, a negative correlation between time as a barrier with affirmation of prior knowledge. The findings are compatible with some prior investigations while incompatible with other s.

Background: Travelers are at higher risk of developing health‑, related problems, especially travel‑, related diseases, and this remains a major public health burden. Aims: To assess pretravel health behavior‑, seeking factors, knowledge of vaccine, and travel health attitudes. A cross‑, sectional design among Malaysian travelers. Methods: An online survey was conducted from December 2017 till March 2018 among 226 participants. Demographic data, pretraveling health behaviors, knowledge of vaccine‑, preventable diseases, and travel health were asked. Independent t‑, test and ANOVA were performed using SPSS version 20. Results: Among travelers, 51. 3% and 63. 7% used health‑, related information on their destination before departure and collected information on possible travel hazards at their destination. Participant age (P = 0. 02), monthly income (P = 0. 01), predeparture health information (P = 0. 03), information on possible hazards (P = 0. 04), and travel health advice from medical professionals (P = 0. 03) have been reported as a major predictor of knowledge of vaccine‑, preventable disease. Travelers’,gender (P = 0. 01), household income (P = 0. 01), and travel health advice from professionals (P = 0. 002) were significantly associated with travel health attitude. Conclusions: Sociodemographic and pretravel health‑, seeking behavior influence knowledge of vaccine‑, preventable disease and attitudes towards travel health which requires a public health need for community outreach programs targeting this group.

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Rent-seeking is an effort that is formed between a company and its employees to obtain more profit under their tendency to rent-seeking. In this paper, the interaction between a company and its employees is studied by an unlimited multi stage repeated games. According to the strategies of the company and its employees (payment and punishment types for rent-seeker employee) subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) and their payoffs are obtained based on the history of game. Finally it will be shown that under what condition (the punishment and payment types), the employees do not choose the rent-seeking strategies and behave honestly.

Background:  Patient seeking care behaviors are affected by many factors including socio-cultural and financial affaires, therapeutic costs, etc.  This study was conducted to investigate patient seeking care behavior in Kashan, in 2004. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study in which a random sample of 414 individuals was selected from people attending public outpatient health clinics. Multi stage sampling was used to select the subjects. For data collection a trained expert health worker interviewed the subjects individually in the health centre waiting room. Identity variables and study specific objectives (contact with GP or health clinics as optimistic behavior and direct contact with specialty or subspecialty as non relevance behavior) were assessed.  Then the data were analyzed using Chi-square statistical test. Results: Of participants, 49.3% were men and 51.7% were women. Rate of having a visit to a physician in four recent weeks were X= 0.96 ± 1.29 in women and X= 0.49 ±0.93 in men. Seeking care optimistic behavior were 21% and 15.7% respectively. There was a significant association between the sex and physician seeking care behavior (X2=18, P=0.5). Of subjects83.3% were covered by a health insurance plan and 16.6% were not covered by any insurance plan. Overall patient optimistic behavior in insured and uninsured subjects were 19.1% and 14.5% respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated the high degree of difference in patient seeking care behavior rates according to the healthcare delivery system structure (insurance type and care givers), patient characteristics and many influencing variables. We recommend findings of this study for reorganization of healthcare delivery systems. The findings may be regarded as preliminary to further research into this area of health system structure.

Background and Aim: Collaborative information seeking is an interaction among members of a group who purposefully try to access and share joint information. Although collaboration is a key component of information seeking behavior, but most of the studies in this area are focused on individual information seeking behavior and collaborative aspects are considered much less. As a result, there is a need for understanding conceptual features as well as supportive technical methods of information behavior in collaborative activities.Method: The present review article has studied concepts and theories of collaborative information behavior using library method.Results: In this research, firstly, the concept of collaboration is explained and differences with other concepts like communication, coordination and cooperation are explained. Moreover, the concept of collaborative information behavior and collaborative information seeking behavior are discussed from different viewpoints and suggestions are offered for future research.Conclusion: collaborative information behavior is one of the most important concepts in human information interaction studies and it can be known as dynamic activities in a group including searching, combining, publishing and producing information.